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Hepatitis C virus (HCV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is an RNA virus enclosed in an envelope that infects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Despite its significant burden on public health, no vaccine is currently available, and many individuals remain unaware of their infection due to the often asymptomatic nature of the disease. Early detection of HCV is critical for initiating curative treatments, which can prevent long-term complications such as cirrhosis, liver cancer, and decompensated liver disease. However, conventional diagnostic approaches available, such as enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods, are often costly, time-intensive, and challenging to be implemented in resource-limited settings. This review provides an overview of HCV disease and the structural components of the virus, illustrating how different diagnostic methods target various parts of the viral structure. It examines current diagnostic tests and assays, highlighting their mechanisms, applications, and limitations, which necessitates the development of improved detection methods. Additionally, the paper explores emerging technologies in HCV detection that could offer affordable, accessible, and easy-to-use diagnostic solutions, particularly for deployment in low-resource and point-of-care settings. These advancements have the potential to contribute significantly to achieving the World Health Organization’s (WHO) target of eliminating HCV as a public threat by 2030. 

The dengue virus (DENV) is a vector-borne flavivirus that infects around 390 million individuals each year with 2.5 billion being in danger. Having access to testing is paramount in preventing future infections and receiving adequate treatment. Currently, there are numerous conventional methods for DENV testing, such as NS1 based antigen testing, IgM/IgG antibody testing, and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In addition, novel methods are emerging that can cut both cost and time. Such methods can be effective in rural and low-income areas throughout the world. In this paper, we discuss the structural evolution of the virus followed by a comprehensive review of current dengue detection strategies and methods that are being developed or commercialized. We also discuss the state of art biosensing technologies, evaluated their performance and outline strategies to address challenges posed by the disease. Further, we outline future guidelines for the improved usage of diagnostic tools during recurrence or future outbreaks of DENV.